La variación lingüística como conflicto educativo: la polémica sobre la "resolución de Oakland" (1996-1997)

• Autores: Víctor Manuel Longa Martínez
• Localización: Moenia: Revista lucense de lingüistica & literatura, ISSN 1137-2346, Nº. 31, 2025
• Idioma: español
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen

  • El 18 de diciembre de 1996, el Consejo Educativo del Distrito Escolar Unificado de Oakland (California) emitió una resolución pionera que reconocía la riqueza estructural del African American Vernacular English, variedad nativa de la mayoría de los alumnos afroamericanos. Además, instaba a usarla en el aula como herramienta para que estos alumnos pudieran adquirir plenamente la variedad estándar, con respecto a la cual mostraban, frente a los alumnos blancos, un dominio muy limitado. El Consejo Educativo de Oakland consideró que ese factor lingüístico era el principal responsable de los malos resultados educativos de los alumnos afroamericanos, por lo que la resolución pretendía solventar este acuciante problema. Sin embargo, esta generó un enorme escándalo en EE. UU. (sociedad, medios de comunicación, política, etc.) y sufrió una gigantesca campaña de denigración. Aunque la resolución ha recibido gran atención en el ámbito anglófono, especialmente en EE. UU., en el hispánico ha pasado más bien desapercibida. Este trabajo repasa la polémica envuelta en la resolución de Oakland, mostrando que su problemática es muy general: el reconocimiento de la variación lingüística en la escuela, que todavía hoy sigue brillando por su ausencia. La razón es la asunción de la variedad estándar como la única variedad legítima en clase.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • African American Task Force Policy Statement (1996): “Oakland’s African American Task Force Policy Statement”. Versión tomada de Baugh (2000:...
  • Alim, H. S. & J. Baugh (eds.) (2007): Talkin Black Talk. Language, Education, and Social Change. New York: Teachers College Press.
  • Alim, H. S., J. R. Rickford & A. F. Ball (eds.) (2016): Raciolinguistics. How Language Shapes Our Ideas About Race. New York: Oxford University...
  • Amorós Negre, C. (2008): Norma y estandarización. Salamanca: Luso-Española de Ediciones.
  • Amorós-Negre, C. (2024): “Estandarización e desestandarización lingüística: perspectivas emerxentes á volta de vellas cuestións”. En H. Monteagudo...
  • Armstrong, N. & I. Mackenzie (2013): Standardization, Ideology and Linguistics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137284396
  • Arnoux, E. (2000): “La glotopolítica: transformaciones de un campo disciplinario”. En A. Rubione (ed.): Lenguajes: teorías y practicas. Buenos...
  • Arnoux, E. (2016): “La perspectiva glotopolítica en el estudio de los instrumentos lingüísticos: aspectos teóricos y metodológicos”. Matraga...
  • Arnoux, E. & J. Del Valle (2010): “Las representaciones ideológicas del lenguaje: discurso glotopolítico y panhispanismo”. Spanish in...
  • Arnoux, E. & S. Nothstein (2014): “Introducción. Glotopolítica, integración regional sudamericana y panhispanismo”. En E. Arnoux &...
  • Ayers, W., T. M. Quinn & D. Stovall (eds.) (2009): Handbook of Social Justice in Education. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203887745
  • Baker-Bell, A. (2020): Linguistic Justice. Black Language, Literacy, Identity, and Pedagogy. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315147383
  • Baldwin, J. (1979): “If Black English isn’t a language, then tell me, what is?”. The New York Times, July 29.
  • Baron, D. (2000): “Ebonics and the politics of English”. World Englishes 19/1, 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-971X.00152
  • Battistella, E. (2005): Bad Language. Are Some Words Better Than Others? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Baugh, J. (1980): “A reexamination of the Black English copula”. En W. Labov (ed.): Locating Language in Time and Space. New York: Academic...
  • Baugh, J. (1983): Black Street Speech. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. https://doi.org/10.7560/707436
  • Baugh, J. (1988): “Language and race: Some implications for linguistic science”. En F. Newmeyer (ed.): Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey,...
  • Baugh, J. (1995): “The law, linguistics and education: Educational reform for African American language minority students”. Linguistics and...
  • Baugh, J. (1998): “Linguistics, education, and the law: Educational reform for African American minority students”. En S. Mufwene, J. R. Rickford,...
  • Baugh, J. (1999): Out of the Mouths of Slaves: African American Language and Educational Malpractice. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
  • Baugh, J. (2000): Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195120462.001.0001
  • Baugh, J. (2001): “Applying linguistic knowledge of African American English to help students learn and teachers teach”. En S. Lanehart (ed.):...
  • Baugh, J. (2005): “Educational implications of Ebonics”. En J. D. Ramirez, T. G. Wiley, G. de Klerk, E. Lee & W. E. Wright (eds.): Ebonics....
  • Baugh, J. (2006): “It ain’t about race: Some lingering (linguistic) consequences of the African slave trade and their relevance to your personal...
  • Baugh, J. (2015a): “SWB (speaking while Black). Linguistic profiling and discrimination based on speech as a surrogate for race against speakers...
  • Baugh, J. (2015b): “Beyond bidialectalism. Language planning and policies for African American students”. En S. Lanehart (ed.): The Oxford...
  • Baugh, J. (2015c): “Use and misuse of speech diagnostics for African American students”. International Multilingual Research Journal 9/4:...
  • Baugh, J. (2018): Linguistics in Pursuit of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316597750
  • Bereiter, C. & S. Engelmann (1966): Teaching Disadvantaged Children in the Pre-School. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Bernstein, B. (1990): “Elaborated and restricted codes: Overview and criticisms”. Cit. por la version en B. Bernstein (2003): Class, Codes...
  • Bex, T. & R. J. Watts (eds.) (1999): Standard English. The Widening Debate. London: Routledge.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1991): Language and Symbolic Power. Oxford: Polity.
  • Bucholz, M. & K. Hall (2004): “Language and identity”. En A. Duranti (ed.): A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology. Oxford: Blackwell,...
  • Bucholz, M., A. Lopez, A. Mojarro, E. Skapoulli, C. VanderStouwe & S. Warner-Garcia (2014): “Sociolinguistic justice in the schools: Student...
  • Charity-Hudley, A. H. & C. Mallinson (2011): Understanding English Language Variation in U.S. Schools. New York: Teachers College Press.
  • Clark, R. & Ivanić, R. (1997): The Politics of Writing. London: Routledge.
  • Collins, J. (1999): “The Ebonics controversy in context: Literacies, subjectivities, and language ideologies in the United States”. En J....
  • Corson, D. (1998): Changing Education for Diversity. Buckingham & Philadelphia: Open University Press.
  • Corson, D. (2001): Language Diversity and Education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Crowley, T. (2003): Standard English and the Politics of Language, 2nd ed. Basingtoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230501935
  • Crystal, D. (2010): The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Darder, A. (2004): “The politics of language: An introduction”. Latino Studies 2/2: 231-236. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.lst.8600084
  • Darder, A. (2012): Culture and Power in the Classroom. Educational Foundations for the Schooling of Bicultural Students, 2nd ed. Boulder,...
  • Del Valle, J. (2014a): “The politics of normativity and globalization: Which Spanish in the classroom?”. The Modern Language Journal 98/1:...
  • Del Valle, J. (2014b): “Lo politico del lenguaje y los límites de la política lingüística panhispánica”. Boletín de Filología XLIX/2: 87-112....
  • Del Valle, J. (2017): “La perspectiva glotopolítica y la normatividad”. Anuario de Glotopolítica 1: 17-39. https://doi.org/10.36950/elies.2016.37.8657
  • Del Valle, J. (2021): “Notas para una teoría glotopolítica”. Erebea. Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales 11: 11-20. https://doi.org/10.33776/erebea.v11i0.6900
  • Edwards, J. (2009): Language and Identity. An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fairclough, N. (1989): Language and Power. Essex: Longman.
  • Fanon, F. (1961): Les damnés de la terre. Paris: François Maspero. Cito por Los condenados de la tierra. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica,...
  • Farrell, T. J. (1983): “IQ and standard English”. College Composition and Communication 34/4: 470-484. https://doi.org/10.58680/ccc198315265
  • Fasold, R. W. (1972): Tense Marking in Black English: A Linguistic and Social Analysis. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
  • Fasold, R. W. (2001): “Ebonic need not be English”. En J. E. Alatis & A.-H. Tan (eds.): Round Table on Languages and Linguistics. Bilingual...
  • Fasold, R. W. (2006): “The politics of language”. En R. Fasold & J. Connor-Linton (eds.): An Introduction to Language and Linguistics....
  • Fasold, R. W. (2020): “We should declare AAL a separate language, although there’s no scientific reason (not) to”. En R. Blake & I. Buchstaller...
  • Fillmore, C. J. (2005): “A linguist looks at the Ebonics debate”. En J. D. Ramirez, T. G. Wiley, G. de Klerk, E. Lee & W. E. Wright (eds.):...
  • Fishman, J. (1991): Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Clevedon: Multilingual...
  • Fishman, J. (2001): Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? Reversing Language Shift, Revisited: A 21st Century Perspective. Clevedon: Multilingual...
  • Flores, N. & J. Rosa (2015): “Undoing appropriateness: Raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education”. Harvard Educational...
  • Flores, N. & J. Rosa (2023): “Undoing raciolinguistics”. Journal of Sociolinguistics 27/5, 428-435. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12642
  • Freire, P. (1969): ¿Extensión o comunicación? La concientización en el medio rural. Santiago de Chile: Instituto de Capacitación e Investigación...
  • Freire, P. (1970): Pedagogia do oprimido. São Paulo: Paz e Terra. Cito por Pedagogía del oprimido. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 3ª ed., 2008.
  • Freire, P. (1985): The Politics of Education. Culture, Power and Liberation. Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey. Cito por La naturaleza política...
  • Freire, P. & D. Macedo (1987): Literacy. Reading the Word and the World. South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey. Cito por Alfabetización....
  • Gal, S. (2006): “Contradictions of standard language in Europe: Implications for the study of practices and publics”. Social Anthropology...
  • García Abelleira, N. & V. M. Longa (2015): “Enseñando a los niños a discriminar. La plasmación de la ideología del estándar en la escuela”....
  • Gaulding, J. (1998): “Against common sense: Why Title VII should protect speakers of Black English”. University of Michigan Journal of Law...
  • Giroux, H. (1987): “Introduction. Literacy and the pedagogy of `political empowerment”. En P. Freire & D. Macedo, Literacy. Reading...
  • Gordon, E. W., F. Miller & D. Rollock (1990): “Coping with communicentric bias in knowledge production in the Social Sciences”. Educational...
  • Green, L. J. (2002): African American English. A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511800306
  • Green, L. J. (2011): Language and the African American Child. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975561
  • Grenoble, L. A. (2021): “Language shift”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Publicado online el 25/03/2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.347
  • Hammond, J. H., A. Kamau Massey & M. G. Garza (2019): “African American inequality in the United States”. Harvard Business School. Note...
  • Heller, M. & M. Martin-Jones (eds.) (2001): Voices of Authority. Education and Linguistic Difference. Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing....
  • Holm, J. (1984): “Variability of the copula in Black English and its creole kin”. American Speech 59/4: 291-309. https://doi.org/10.2307/454782
  • Human Rights Watch (2022): “Racial discrimination in the United States. Human Rights Watch / ACLU joint submission regarding the United States’...
  • Hurst, C. G. (1965): Psychological Correlates in Dialectolalia. Washington, DC: Communication Sciences Research Center.
  • Irvine, J. & S. Gal (2000): “Language ideology and linguistic differentiation”. En P. Kroskrity (ed.): Regimes of Language: Ideologies,...
  • Jensen, A. R. (1969): “How much can we boost IQ?”. Harvard Educational Review 39/1: 1-123. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.39.1.l3u15956627424k7
  • Johnson, D. (2008): How Myths About Language Affect Education. What Every Teacher Should Know. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press....
  • Joiner, C. W. (1979): “Memorandum opinion and order on civil action 7-71861, Martin Luther King Junior Elementary School Children, et al.,...
  • Joseph, J. E. (2006): Language and Politics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Kendall, F. E. (2013): Understanding White Privilege. Creating Pathways to Authentic Relationships Across Race, 2nd ed. Abingdon & New...
  • Kifano, S. & E. A. Smith (2005): “Ebonics and education in the context of culture: Meeting the language and cultural needs of English...
  • Labov, W. (1969): “The logic of nonstandard English”. En J. E. Alatis (ed.): 20th Annual Round Table. Linguistics and the Teaching of Nonstandard...
  • Labov, W. (1972): Language in the Inner City. Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Labov, W. (1975): The Study of Nonstandard English. Washington, DC: National Council of Teachers of English and Center for Applied Linguistics.
  • Labov, W. (1995): “Can reading failure be reversed? A linguistic approach to the question”. En V. Gadsden & D. A. Wagner (eds.): Literacy...
  • Lanehart, S. (2015): “African American Language and identity”. En S. Lanehart (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. New...
  • Lanehart, S. (ed.) (2015): The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.001.0001
  • Lanehart, S. (2017): “Re-viewing the origins and history of African American Language”. En A. Bergs & L. J. Brinton (eds.): The History...
  • Lanehart, S. & A. M. Malik (2015): “Language use in African American communities. An introduction”. En S. Lanehart (ed.): The Oxford Handbook...
  • Linguistic Society of America (1997): “LSA resolution on the Oakland ‘Ebonics’ issue”. Disponible en: https://web.stanford.edu/~rickford/ebonics/LSAResolution.html...
  • Linn, A. (2013): “Vernaculars and the idea of a standard language”. En K. Allan (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics....
  • Lippi-Green, R. (2012): English with an Accent. Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States, 2nd ed. Abingdon & New York:...
  • Llamas, C. & D. Watt (eds.) (2010): Language and Identities. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748635788
  • Longa, V. M. (2015): “Introducción al número especial”. En V. M. Longa (ed.): Representaciones sobre la variación lingüística: lenguaje, prescripción...
  • Longa, V. M. (ed.) (2015): Representaciones sobre la variación lingüística: lenguaje, prescripción y discriminación. Número especial de Representaciones....
  • Longa, V. M. (2022a): “Introducción al volumen extraordinario sobre «Democracia cultural y justicia social en el aula»”. Aula de Encuentro,...
  • Longa, V. M. (2022b): “Reseña de John Baugh 2018, Linguistics in Pursuit of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press”. Verba 49: 1-16....
  • Longa, V. M. (2023): “Bibliografía seleccionada y comentada sobre prejuicios lingüísticos, ideas erradas y mitos referidos al lenguaje”. Moenia....
  • Longa, V. M. (2024): “Reseña de April Baker-Bell, Linguistic Justice. Black Language, Literacy, Identity, and Pedagogy, New York: Routledge”....
  • Longa, V. M. & J. J. López Rivera (2021): “Bibliografía seleccionada y comentada sobre lenguaje y educación”. Moenia. Revista Lucence...
  • Longa, V. M. & J. J. López Rivera (2023): “Sobre la (vana) tarea de evaluar lenguas”. Boletín de Filología LVIII/1: 395-424. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-93032023000100395
  • Manojan, K. P. (2019): “Cultural democracy and schooling in India: A subaltern perspective”. Journal of Pedagogy 10/2, 101-121. https://doi.org/10.2478/jped-2019-0009
  • McWhorter, J. H. (1997): “Wasting energy on an illusion”. The Black Scholar. Journal of Black Studies and Research 27/1, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00064246.1997.11430833
  • McWhorter, J. (1998): The Word on the Street: Fact and Fable About American English. New York: Plenum Trade.
  • McWhorter, J. (2017): Talking Back, Talking Black: Truths About America’s Lingua Franca. New York: Bellevue Literary Press.
  • Memmi, A. (1965): The Colonizer and the Colonized. New York: Orion Press.
  • Mendoza-Denton, N. (2003): “Language and identity”. En J. Chambers, P. Trudgill & N. Schilling-Estes (eds.): The Handbook of Language...
  • Messier, J. (2012): “Ebonics, the Oakland resolution, and using non-standard dialects in the classroom”. The English Languages: History, Diaspora,...
  • Milroy, J. (1999): “Standard English and language ideology in Britain and the United States”. En T. Bex & R. J. Watts (eds.) (1999): Standard...
  • Milroy, J. (2001): “Language ideologies and the consequences of standardization”. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5/4: 530-555. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00163
  • Milroy, J. (2007): “The ideology of the standard language”. En C. Llamas, L. Mullany & P. Stockwell (eds.): The Routledge Companion to...
  • Milroy, J. & L. Milroy (1985): Authority in Language. Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. London: Routledge &...
  • Molina Ríos, J. A. (2019): “Estudios del lenguaje desde una perspectiva glotopolítica”. Signo y Pensamiento 38/74: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.syp38-74.elpg
  • Moreno Cabrera, J. C. (2000): La dignidad e igualdad de las lenguas. Crítica de la discriminación lingüística. Madrid: Alianza.
  • Moreno Cabrera, J. C. (2008): El nacionalismo lingüístico. Una ideología destructiva. Barcelona: Península.
  • Moreno Cabrera, J. C. (2025): Lengua, dialectos, hablas. Crítica de la dialectoideología española. Granada: Hojas Monfíes.
  • Moreno Fernández, F. (2020): La lengua y el sueño de la identidad. Canterano: Aracne Editrice.
  • Morgan, M. (1994): “The African-American speech community: Reality and sociolinguistics”. En M. Morgan (ed.): The Social Construction of Identities...
  • Mosquera Martínez, C. & V. M. Longa (2015): “Cuando la diversidad molesta: el tratamiento de la diversidad intralingüística en libros...
  • Mufwene, S., J. R. Rickford, G. Bayley & J. Baugh (eds.) (1998): African-AmericanEnglish: Structure, History, and Usage. New York: Routledge.
  • Murray, D. (1998): “Ebonics: a case study in language, power, and pedagogy”. TESOL Quarterly 32/1, 144-146. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587912
  • Nunberg, G. (1997): “Double standards”. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 15, 667-675. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005815614064
  • Oakland Unified School District Board of Education (1996/1997): “Resolution of the Board of Education adopting the report and recommendations...
  • Ogbu, J. U. (1978): Minority Education and Caste: The American System in Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York: Academic Press.
  • Olave Arias, G., M. Cisneros Estupiñán & R. Barragán Gómez (2024): La dimension política del lenguaje: introducción a la glotopolítica....
  • Orr, E. W. (1987): Twice as Less: Black English and the Performance of Black Students in Mathematics and Science. New York: Norton.
  • Palacas, A. L. (2001): “Liberating American Ebonics from Euro-English”. College English 63/3, 326-352. https://doi.org/10.58680/ce20011211
  • Peterson, E. (2020): Making Sense of ‘Bad English’. An Introduction to Language Attitudes and Ideologies. Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429328343
  • Piller, I. (2015): “Language ideologies”. En K. Tracy, C. Ilie & T. Sandel (eds.): The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social...
  • Piller, I. (2016): Linguistic Diversity and Social Justice. An Introduction to Applied Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press....
  • Preece, S. (ed.) (2016): The Routledge Handbook of Language and Identity. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315669816
  • Preston, D. R. (2015): “The silliness of the standard”. En V. M. Longa (ed.): Representaciones sobre la variación lingüística: lenguaje, prescripción...
  • Pullum, G. K. (1997): “Language that dare not speak its name”. Nature 386, 321-322. https://doi.org/10.1038/386321a0
  • Pullum, G. K. (1999): “African American Vernacular English is not standard English with mistakes”. En R. S. Wheeler (ed.), The Workings of...
  • Ramirez, J. D., T. G. Wiley, G. de Klerk, E. Lee & W. E. Wright (eds.) (2005): Ebonics. The Urban Educational Debate, 2nd ed. Clevedon:...
  • Reagan, T. (2019): Linguistic Legitimacy and Social Justice. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10967-7
  • Reaser, J., C. Temple Adger, W. Wolfram & D. Christian (2017): Dialects at School. Educating Linguistically Diverse Students. New York:...
  • Reaser, J. & W. Wolfram (2007): Voices of North Caroline. Language and Life from the Atlantic to the Appalachians. Disponible en: https://linguistics.chass.ncsu.edu/thinkanddo/vonc.php...
  • Rickford, J. R. (1997a): “Suite for Ebony and Phonics”. Discover Magazine 18/12. Cito por la versión en J. R. Rickford (1999): African American...
  • Rickford, J. R. (1997b): “Unequal partnership: Sociolinguistics and the African American speech community”. Language in Society 26, 161-197....
  • Rickford, J. R. (1999a): “The Ebonics controversy in my backyard: a sociolinguist’s experiences and reflections”. Journal of Sociolinguistics...
  • Rickford, J. R. (1999b): “Using the vernacular to teach the standard”. En J. R. Rickford, African American Vernacular English. Features, Evolution,...
  • Rickford, J. R. (1999c): African American Vernacular English. Features, Evolution, Educational Implications. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  • Rickford, J. R. (1999d): "Attitudes towards AAVE, and classroom implications and strategies". En J. R. Rickford, African American...
  • Rickford, J. R. & A. E. Rickford (1995): “Dialect readers revisited”. Linguistics and Education 7, 107-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0898-5898(95)90003-9
  • Romaine, S. (1994): Language in Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cit. por El lenguaje en la sociedad. Una introducción a la sociolingüística....
  • Ronkin, M. & H. E. Karn (1999): “Mock Ebonics: Linguistic racism in parodies of Ebonics on the Internet”. Journal of Sociolinguistics...
  • Rosa, J. & N. Flores (2017): “Unsettling race and language: Toward a raciolinguistic perspective”. Language in Society 46/5, 621-647....
  • Schilling-Estes, N. (2006): “Dialect variation”. En R. Fasold & J. Connor-Linton (eds.): An Introduction to Language and Linguistics....
  • Seymour, H. N., L. Abdulkarim & V. Johnson (1999): “The Ebonics controversy: An educational and clinical dilemma”. Topics in Language...
  • Siegel, J. (2006): “Language ideologies and the education of speakers of marginalized language varieties: Adopting a critical awareness approach”....
  • Siegel, J. (2010): Second Dialect Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511777820
  • Simpkins, G., G. Holt & C. Simpkins (1977): Bridge: A Cross-Culture Reading Program. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Simpkins, G. & C. Simpkins (1981): “Cross cultural approach to curriculum development”. En G. Smitherman (ed.): Black English and the...
  • Skutnabb-Kangas, T., R. Phillipson, A. K. Mohanty & M. Panda (eds.) (2009): Social Justice Through Multilingual Education. Bristol: Multilingual...
  • Smith, E. (1998): “What Is Black English, What Is Ebonics?”. En T. Perry & L. Delpit (eds.): The Real Ebonics Debate: Power, Language,...
  • Smith, E. & K. Crozier (1998): “Ebonics is not Black English”. The Western Journal of Black Studies 22/2, 109-116.
  • Smitherman, G. (1977): Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
  • Smitherman, G. (1997): “Black language and the education of black children: One mo one”. The Black Scholar. Journal of Black Studies and Research...
  • Smitherman, G. (1998): “Ebonics and TESOL. ‘Dat teacher be hollin at us’ – What is Ebonics”. TESOL Quarterly 32/1: 139-143. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587911
  • Smitherman, G. (1999): Talkin That Talk: Language, Education and Culture in African America. New York: Routledge.
  • Smitherman, G. (2015): “African American language and education: History and controversy in the Twentieth century”. En S. Lanehart (ed.):...
  • Spears, A. K. (2015): “African American Standard English”. En S. Lanehart (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. New York:...
  • Stubbs, M. (1986): Educational Linguistics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Tabouret-Keller, A. (1997): “Language and identity”. En F. Coulmas (ed.): The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 315-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405166256.ch19
  • Taylor, H. U. (1989): Standard English, Black English, and Bidialectalism. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Temple Adger, C. (2005): “Language varieties in the school curriculum: Where do they belong and how will they get there?”. En J. D. Ramirez,...
  • Thornton, G. (1986): Language, Ignorance and Education. London: Edward Arnold.
  • Troutman, D. E. & J. S. Falk (1982): “Speaking Black English and reading— Is there a problem of interference?”. The Journal of Negro Education...
  • Unamuno, V. (2003): Lengua, escuela y diversidad sociocultural. Hacia una educación lingüística crítica. Barcelona: Graó.
  • United States Senate Hearing on Ebonics (1997): “Ebonics. Hearing before a subcommittee of the committee on appropriations. United States...
  • Van Rooy, R. (2020): Language or Dialect? The History of a Conceptual Pair. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845713.001.0001
  • Vaughn-Cooke, A. F. (2007): “Lessons learned from the Ebonics controversy: Implications for language assessment”. En R. Bailey & C. Lucas...
  • Watts, R. J. (2011): Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001
  • Weldon, T. L. (2021): Middle-Class African American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139021531
  • Weldon, T. L. (2022): “Visibly invisible: The study of middle class African American English”. Language and Linguistic Compass 16/11: e12477....
  • White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Black Americans (2021): “Executive Order...
  • Wiley, T. G. (2005): “Ebonics: Background to the policy debate”. En J. D. Ramirez, T. G. Wiley, G. de Klerk, E. Lee & W. E. Wright (eds.):...
  • Wiley, T. G. & M. Lukes (1996): “English-only and standard English ideologies in the U.S.”. TESOL Quarterly 30/3: 511-535. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587696
  • Williams, R. L. (1975): “Introduction”. En R. L. Williams (ed.): Ebonics: The True Language of Black Folks. St. Louis, MO: The Institute of...
  • Williams, R. L. (1997): “The Ebonics controversy”. Journal of Black Psychology 23/3: 208-214. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984970233002
  • Williams, R. L. & L. W. Rivers (1975): “The effects of language on the test performance of Black children”. En R. L. Williams (ed.): Ebonics:...
  • Wolfram, W. (1969): A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
  • Wolfram, W. (1974): “The relationship of White Southern speech to vernacular Black English”. Language 50/3: 498-527. https://doi.org/10.2307/412221
  • Wolfram, W. (1998a): “Myth 13. Black children are verbally deprived”. En L. Bauer & P. Trudgill (eds.): Language Myths. London: Penguin,...
  • Wolfram, W. (1998b): “Language ideology and dialect. Understanding the Oakland Ebonics Controversy”. Journal of English Linguistics 26/2:...
  • Wolfram, W. (2001): “From definition to policy: The ideological struggle of African-American English”. En J. E. Alatis & A.-H. Tan (eds.):...
  • Wolfram, W. (2005): “Ebonics and linguistic science: clarifying the issues”. En J. D. Ramirez, T. G. Wiley, G. de Klerk, E. Lee & W. E....
  • Wolfram, W. (2007): “Sociolinguistic folklore in the study of African American English”. Language and Linguistic Compass 1/4: 292-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00016.x
  • Wolfram, W. & N. Schilling-Estes (1998): American English. Dialects and Variation. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Wolfram, W., N. Schilling-Estes & K. Hazen (1996): Dialects and the Ocracoke Brogue. A Dialect Curriculum for Eight-Graders in Ocracoke,...
  • Wolfram, W., C. Temple Adger & D. Christian (1999): Dialects in Schools and Communities. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410601148
  • Wolfram, W. & E. R. Thomas (2002): The Development of African American English. Malden, MA: Basil Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470690178
  • Young, I. M. (1990): Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Zavala, V. (2019): “Justicia sociolingüística para los tiempos de hoy”. Íkala. Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura 24/2: 343-359. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.ikala.v24n02a09